Japan is now seeing the first real upswing in both manufacturing and non-manufacturing since 2017-18. Rising CPI and the JPY aren't the only factors pushing the BOJ towards hikes.
A step-by-step guide to understanding Japan's fiscal position. By using this, you will have a better idea of how to make the assumptions needed for each component of the standard gross debt equation, which can then be plugged into our online model.
Defying BOJ fears of a slowdown, this year's surge in corporate profits continued in Q2. The big driver this year has been manufacturing, and today's PMI shows the recovery in the sector isn't over yet. Relative to the strength of profits, capex and wages are sluggish.
Deputy governor Himino's argued today that all the main macro dynamics are pushing up prices, underlying inflation has been rising, and so there is now a risk of "underlying inflation exceeding 2%". Unsurprisingly, he didn't spell out the policy implications, but it does sound quite hawkish, no?
A longer note on fiscal policy: the rhetoric of loosening versus reality of tightening of Abenomics and the early part of Takaichi's administration, the costs of that for the household sector versus the benefits for corporates, and what all that means for Takaichi's stance going forward.
Today's summary of opinions of the July meeting had two themes: first, AI-related demand, and second upside risks to inflation – and the need for monetary policy to control them. The data flow showed a modest slowdown in bank lending, a somewhat sluggish EW survey, and a fall in the CA surplus.
Underlying regular wage growth at a bit under 3% is probably still a touch lower than the BOJ would like. But part-time hourly wage growth is 5%, and anyway, with today's services PMI showing more sharp rises in output prices, underlying wage growth isn't the only factor that matters for inflation.
The analytical boxes from the BOJ's full outlook report have three conclusions: AI won't help macro as much as headline figures suggest; but both AI and oil mean continued upside risks for inflation; and the household sector should be able to cope with rate hikes.
The BOJ didn't change inflation forecasts, but even so, it continues to expect inflation at or above 2% throughout the forecast period, and says risks for prices remain skewed to the upside with "medium- to long-term inflation expectations continuing to rise". September for me is a live meeting.
A review, covering headline, underlying, goods and expectations. Underlying inflation is probably still a bit below 2%, but that matters less when headline has been at or above target for 50 of the last 53 months. Absent an external shock, a 2-a-year hiking schedule looks too light.
Today's data for June exports and Q1 household incomes illustrate three of the big macro themes of the moment: Japan's role in the AI infrastructure supply chain, the benefits for households of buoyant asset markets, and why politicians are nonetheless talking about fiscal help for households.
It is just about possible to defend the BOJ's slow but steady hikes since 2024, in the sense that growth, inflation and the JPY have all been rangebound. But leading indicators for growth and inflation are now rising. I'd expect the bank to now move faster. The market still isn't priced for that.
Today's May consumption activity data were stronger again. That rise can be explained by three factors: a temporary boost as purchases of household appliances are brought forward, decent – though in May, not necessarily stronger – wage growth, and perhaps, a wealth effect as asset prices rise.
The detailed release of the Tankan confirms the message of yesterday's summary: price pressures are rising again, and momentum in the corporate sector is strong. There is some sluggishness in autos, but as in export data, that is being offset by AI demand for electronics.
The detailed version of the Tankan won't be released until tomorrow. But the headlines today show a clear story: business sentiment remains strong, and inflation pressures have risen yet again. The BOJ needs to become more hawkish.
Before the war, Japan's manufacturing cycle was gaining momentum. If the war is now over, then today's releases of machine orders, exports and business sentiment suggest that strengthening momentum can now become an important theme for Japan macro.
The renewed rise in import prices is certainly inflationary, especially when the level of prices remains elevated after the hikes of 2021-22. However, this time export prices are rising too, and while that isn't enough to prevent the ToT from falling, it does limit the damage to the domestic economy
The narrowing budget deficit and widening BOP surplus likely won't move market opinion on either rates or fx. What is needed remains a more hawkish BOJ. Accelerating credit and wage growth push in that direction, though the wage data aren't great quality, and sentiment surveys are still weak.
Some highlights from governor's speech today: his remarks about strong bank lending, higher prices being a bigger burden to firms than rising rates, the link between low policy rates and the rise in market yields, and the upside risks to prices now that the "deflationary mindset has been dispelled".
Tuition as well as energy subsidies make inflation look particularly low relative to the likely upside from the Iran war. The conflict will also slow growth. However, both export data for April and Koeda's speech yesterday indicate that growth downside will be limited if global tech demand sustains.
Data today for Japan and Korea show the inflationary impact of the War, with import prices in both economies rising at double-digit rates. However, such rises have been seen before. By contrast, export price inflation is setting records, offsetting the hit from energy prices to domestic growth.
With the Iran War meaning both uncertainty and a negative terms of trade shock, the BOJ can justify some caution in moving rates. But the bank's detailed analysis last week was heavy on upside risks to inflation. Not addressing that means underlying upwards pressure on $JPY likely persists.
The BOJ seems to be messaging that it will stay on hold next week. That seems risky to me, given that while the Iran War might dent growth, it is highly likely to raise inflation. A BOJ that is further perceived as too slow will put pressure on the $JPY to pass through the artificial barrier of 160.
The inflation risks evident in the Tankan can be blamed on energy prices, but output prices actually rose more than input, suggesting that firms think they can pass costs through. That's important, when the BOJ has been warning that changes in firm behaviour mean upside risks to inflation.
Today's summary release of the BOJ Tankan shows output prices rising, inflation expectations up, and the labour market tight. At the same time, business sentiment – at least for now – remains solid. Upside risks to inflation are growing again.
