After last month's puzzling fall, business sentiment bounced in October. With the diffusion across sectors still rising, it seems reasonable to expect a further rise in sentiment towards neutral. But there still are headwinds to recovery: construction and real estate, exports, and the labour market.

With yesterday's loan officer survey, and today's release of consumer confidence and GDP, there is lots to dig into. There are some important takeaways, but overall, the releases don't provide clarity on the two big issues facing the economy: house prices, and the outlook for growth.

There were slight hints of a shift from the BOK today, but the governor also stressed the need for more certainty in areas like the Korea-US trade talks, and overall, the bank's basic stance was unchanged. For a clearer shift, I think business sentiment and monthly economic output need to rise.

The BOK tomorrow will likely remain on hold tomorrow, primarily because of the recent sharp rise in house prices. I think the more important question is whether the bank changes its view about rate cuts into 2026. I don't think it will, but here I outline a scenario that would get that outcome.

Employment bounced in September, providing more evidence of cycle bottoming. That shouldn't matter much for BOK thinking: in July it raised employment forecasts, and has expected recovery into 2026. I am sceptical that recovery runs far, but there are upside risks if business sentiment improves.

My latest video, looking at the three Ds that are challenging Korea's structural growth prospects: Demographics, Debt, and a Development model that is struggling to cope with the competition emerging from China.

The renewed drop in business sentiment in today's survey is probably overdone, but confidence does remain weak, particularly in domestic industries. Price intentions also softened, so the macro case for easier policy remain strong, though for now, the BOK also has to worry about housing prices.

Despite softening in September, consumer confidence remains high. I doubt that it will be sustained, however, if business confidence remains so weak. Consumer property price expectations also remain firm, which matters for policy when household debt has again become such a big issue for the BOK.

July BOP data show that KRW appreciation continues to be restrained by substantial buying of overseas assets by the NPS. But the tone of capital flows has started to change as foreigners buy onshore equities, and should shift more later this year with Korea's entry into the FTSE Russell's WGBI.